![]() Its function was to protect what we would call the castle’s ‘front door’. Barbican – a tower, or the length of wall, at a castle bridge or gate.Moat – a deep man-made ditch surrounding the castle, that may or may not contain water.You may have heard of the more common security features during Medieval times: the moat, barbican, and the curtain wall. Regardless of whether a castle had a keep or not, medieval architects were clever and added features to increase the castle’s defense. Keepless castles were usually square or rectangular courts, surrounded by large walls with towers in each corner. Bonaguil: an example of a keepless castle in rural France. The keepless castles are what the name implies-there is no highest point towers are equal in height. If you were part of the nobleman’s family and were being invaded, you would go to the keep. Usually located at the highest point of a castle, the keep was a heavily guarded tower that could only be accessed by narrow staircases leading to each level. The keep, also called the donjon, in France, was considered the safest place in the castle. Medieval castles were classified as either ‘keep’ or ‘keepless’. As time went on and weapons evolved, castles had to evolve into what we would now consider militarized fortresses. Earlier castles were very simple structures set on hills, near rivers or mountain passes, allowing the inhabitants to see invaders coming. Medieval times, or the Middle ages, spanned from the 5 th century through the late 15 th century however, the first documented castle didn’t appear until the 9 th century. But did you know that they were also used as public gathering spaces or to hold religious services? Given the era, they were likely used more for religious services, as religion played a significant role in daily life. Whenever possible, I share the names and locations of castles that are still standing today.Ĭastles are structures whose primary reason for being is as a defense against invasion. Join me in this five-part series where we’ll journey from this introductory article through to the architecture and history of castles from medieval times. Welcome to this mini-series: Medieval Castles - Almost everything you wanted to know. I wanted to learn more-which got me thinking, maybe there are other people who share my fascination. It’s easy to see how one can be fascinated by such buildings-the architecture, the history, the folklore. ![]() And somewhere inside that magical building is a handsome prince or beautiful princess. Once upon a time, in a castle far, far away… How many classic fairytales start with these words? Picture a large, gray stone building with cylindrical towers in each corner, a drawbridge over a moat, and knights guarding the entrance. ![]() Vie Française Immerse yourself in insider stories & interviews – pick up valuable tips & advice on mastering the French language and living the French dream wherever you live….Reportage + Société Stay informed & try to understand what’s happening in France – News, sport, politics, even the gossip behind it all – Explore problems & paradoxes of today’s cultural & social issues….Mode + Beauté Indulge, obsess, celebrate & enjoy stories, interviews, tips & advice about the extraordinary world of French fashion, beauty, interiors and much, much more….Gastronomie Indulge in wonderful French food & wine in person or vicariously – where to find the foodie haunts – share recipes – tips & advice….Escapades Discover little known places in France – Learn from insider experiences, tips & advice – Plan your trip, where to go, stay, what to see & even what to pack – Be a traveller not a tourist….Arts + Culture Enrich your life through stories, interviews, info & tips about the world of French art, theatre, music, film, architecture, design, photography etc – stay informed – what’s on where and when….
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Gravitational collapse is permitted by a modification of lithosphere dynamics in the convergence zone and might eventually lead to opening of a new oceanic basin if collapse is followed by thinning of the lithospheric mantle. The style of extension is controlled by the rheology of the crust at the onset of gravitational collapse and its evolution as the crust thins and cools. Destruction of the orogenic crust is achieved in part by erosion but mostly by gravitational collapse. Partial melting and rheologic weakening of the thermally mature thickened crust triggers gravity-driven lateral flow of the lower crust and controls the transition from wedge to orogenic plateau. ![]() In this model, the transition from low to high geothermal gradient is associated with increased heat production in the thickened crust owing to radioactive decay and deformation. ![]() To account for these geological characteristics, a generic model, that integrates results from physical modeling, is proposed for the thermal–mechanical evolution of crustal orogenic belts and for its implication in controlling the transition between the different phases of the orogenic cycle. This evolution is controlled by complex interactions among (i) the dynamic balance among forces that arise from plate-tectonic, gravitational potential energy, and buoyancy, (ii) the thermal balance between deformation-induced and radioactive heat production and heat advection related to subduction, orogenic deformation, and magma transfer, and (iii) the mass transfer balance between uplift and erosion. These features portray the crustal orogenic cycle and are first-order indicators of the thermal and mechanical evolution of the crust within the plate boundary region. Metamorphic rocks forming orogenic crust attest to burial and exhumation under contrasted geothermal gradients. Foreland and extensional sedimentary basins in the plate boundary region are filled by the erosional products of the orogenic crust. In contrast, when the surrounding lithosphere is free to move (free-boundary divergent collapse), the thickened crust is homogeneously thinned without transfer of gravitational potential energy towards the forelands.Ĭonvergent plate boundaries are characterized by the development of crustal orogenic wedges and orogenic plateaus but also by gravitational collapse of previously thickened crust leading to the opening of intermontane and eventually oceanic back-arc basins. In orogenic domains, fixed-boundary divergent collapse implies the lateral growth of the orogenic domain at the expense of the surrounding lithosphere. This transfer is accommodated by a combination of gravitational sliding of the brittle crust and horizontal spread of the lower crust. When the surrounding lithosphere is fixed (fixed-boundary collapse), collapse occurs through a transfer of gravitational potential energy from the elevated regions towards the low lands. For each regime, two end-member modes of collapse with contrasted characteristics are defined depending on the behaviour of the lithosphere surrounding the deformed domain. This regime can be expected to occur following thinning of the continental crust. In contrast, during convergent gravitational collapse, a deficit in gravitational potential energy drives crustal material towards the deformed lithosphere. ![]() Divergent collapse is the regime that may affect the thickened crust. During divergent gravitational collapse, an excess in gravitational potential energy drives crustal material away from the deformed lithosphere. Depending on the sign of the anomaly, two fundamental regimes of gravitational collapse can be defined. When the forces that support this anomaly (i.e., tectonic forces and the strength of both the deformed and surrounding lithosphere) decrease, the gravitational potential anomaly may relax. ![]() Gravitational collapse corresponds to the decay of lateral contrast in gravitational potential energy that builds up during lithospheric deformation. The development of this concept slowed down during the late 1960s and the 1970s before reemerging in the 1980s. This concept has its roots in pioneers’ works, such as those of Jeffreys, van Bemmelen, Bucher and Ramberg, who were among the first to recognise the importance of gravity in the evolution of mountain belts. The concept of gravitational collapse has fundamentally improved our understanding of orogenic processes. ![]() If your Louisiana vehicle title got lost, stolen, or damaged, get a duplicate title online. Only titled owners can request a replacement title. 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